John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll

For other persons of the same name, see John Campbell (disambiguation) or Duke of Argyll.

His Grace The Duke of Argyll KG, KT, GCMG, GCVO, PC
4th Governor General of Canada
In office 25 November 1878 – 23 October 1883
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	John A. Macdonald
Preceded by	The Earl of Dufferin
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Lansdowne
Personal details
Born	6 August 1845 (2012-02-16T19:19:58) London, United Kingdom
Died	2 May 1914(1914-05-02) (aged 68) Cowes, Isle of Wight United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal Liberal Unionist
Spouse(s)	Princess Louise of the United Kingdom
Alma mater	University of St Andrews Trinity College, Cambridge

John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll KG, KT, GCMG, GCVO, VD,^[1] PC (6 August 1845 – 2 May 1914), usually better known by the courtesy title Marquess of Lorne, by which he was known between 1847 and 1900, was a British nobleman and was the fourth Governor General of Canada from 1878 to 1883. He is now remembered primarily for the place names bestowed on Canadian geography in honour of his wife and for his metrical paraphrase of Psalm 121, "Unto the hills around do I lift up".

Contents 1 Background and career 2 Governor General of Canada 3 After Canada 4 Ancestors 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Background and career

He was born in London, the eldest son of George, Marquess of Lorne and the former Lady Elizabeth Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, and was styled Earl of Campbell from birth. In 1847, when he was 21 months old, his father succeeded as 8th Duke of Argyll and he assumed the courtesy title Marquess of Lorne, which he bore until he was 54. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, Eton, St Andrews and at Trinity College, Cambridge,^[2] as well as at the National Art Training School.^[3]

For ten years before coming to Canada, Campbell travelled throughout North and Central America, writing travel literature and poetry.^[3] In the UK, he represented, since 1868, the constituency of Argyllshire as a Liberal Member of Parliament in the House of Commons. He made little impression there, however; the London World referred to Campbell as "a non-entity in the House of Commons, and a non-entity without."^[3]

Campbell married Queen Victoria's fourth daughter, Princess Louise, on 21 March 1871. This was the first time a Princess had married a commoner since 1515. The pair shared a common love of the arts, but tended to live apart and never had children. Further, Campbell formed close friendships with men who were rumoured to be homosexually inclined, which raised questions about Campbell's marriage and fuelled rumours around London that Campbell was bisexual,^[3] if not largely homosexual in predisposition.^[4]

Governor General of Canada

When Lord Lorne's appointment was announced, there was great excitement throughout Canada. For the first time, Rideau Hall would have a royal resident. The Canadian Prime Minister relaxed his busy campaign schedule to prepare for her arrival and to organise a special carriage and corps of guards to protect the Princess. An author wrote in 1880 that "the appointment was hailed with satisfaction in all parts of the Dominion, and the new Governor General entered upon his term of office with the hearts of the people strongly prepossessed [sic] in his favour."^[5] However, Campbell and his wife were initially not received well by the Canadian press, which complained about the imposition of royalty on the country's hitherto un-regal society, a position that was only exasperated by mishaps and misunderstandings.^[6] The worries of a rigid court at the Queen's Canadian residence turned out to be unfounded;^[6] the royal couple were found to be more relaxed than their predecessors, as demonstrated at the many ice skating and tobogganing parties, balls, dinners, and other state occasions hosted by the Marquess and Marchioness.^[7]

During Lorne's term of office, the recession plaguing the Canadian economy ended and Sir John A. Macdonald returned as Prime Minister. Canada was experiencing a renewal of optimism and an upswing of nationalism.

At age 33, Lord Lorne was Canada's youngest Governor General, but he was not too young to handle the marginal demands of his post. He and Princess Louise made many lasting contributions to Canadian society especially in the arts and sciences. They encouraged the establishment of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and the National Gallery of Canada, even selecting some of its first paintings. Campbell was also involved in the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway and other projects, such as a hospital for British Columbia.^[3] In addition to acting as a patron of arts and letters in Canada, Lorne was the author of many books of prose and poetry. His writings show a deep appreciation of Canada's physical beauty.

Throughout his term of office, Lorne was intensely interested in Canada and Canadians. He travelled throughout the country encouraging the establishment of numerous institutions, and met with members of Canada's First Nations and with other Canadians from all walks of life. At Rideau Hall, he and Princess Louise hosted many social functions, including numerous ice skating and tobogganing parties as well as balls, dinners and State occasions.

After Canada

Princess Louise returned to England in 1881 and Lord Lorne followed two years later in 1883. Lorne was Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle from 1892 to 1914, and he sat as MP for Manchester South from 1895 until the death of his father on 24 April 1900, when he succeeded as 9th and 2nd Duke of Argyll (his father had been created Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892). He and Princess Louise lived at Kensington Palace until his death from pneumonia in 1914.

One of his close friends was Frank Shackleton (brother of the explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton), who was a key suspect in the theft of the Irish Crown Jewels. There is clear evidence that official investigation of the theft of the Crown Jewels was suppressed. It has been suggested by John Cafferky and Kevin Hannafin, that this is because authorities became aware of the Lorne connection to Shackleton.^[8]

Ancestors

Ancestors of John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll

16. John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll               8. John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll                       17. Mary Kerr               4. John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll                             18. John Gunning               9. Elizabeth Gunning, 1st Baroness Hamilton of Hameldon                       19. Bridget Bourke               2. George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll                                   10. John Glassel                       5. Joan Glassel                             22. John Buchan               11. Helen Buchan                       1. John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll                                         24. Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford               12. George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland                       25. Louisa Egerton               6. George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland                             26. William Sutherland, 18th Earl of Sutherland               13. Elizabeth Sutherland, 19th Countess of Sutherland                       27. Mary Maxwell               3. Elizabeth Leveson-Gower                                   28. Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle               14. George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle                       29. Margaret Granville Leveson-Gower               7. Harriet Howard                             30. William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire               15. Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish                       31. Georgiana Spencer

Notes

References

• Cafferky, John; Hannafin, Kevin (2003). Scandal & Betrayal: Shackleton and the Irish Crown Jewels. Collins Press. 
• Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0773503106. 
• Longford, Elizabeth (1991). Darling Loosy: Letters to Princess Louise 1856–1939. New York: Little Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0297811794. 
• Rowse, A.L. (1977). Homosexuals In History. New York: Macmillan. 
• Sandwell, R.W. (2006). "Dreaming of the Princess: Love, Subversion, and the Rituals of Empire in British Columbia, 1882". In Coates, Colin MacMillan. Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-55002-586-6. http://books.google.com/?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 
• London Gazette: no. 26353. p. 7290. 13 December 1892.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Duke of Argyll
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Website of the Governor General of Canada
• Works by John Douglas Sutherland Campbell at Project Gutenberg
• Archival material relating to John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll listed at the UK National Register of Archives

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Alexander Finlay	Member of Parliament for Argyllshire 1868–1878	Succeeded by Lord Colin Campbell
Preceded by Sir Henry Roscoe	Member of Parliament for Manchester South 1895–1900	Succeeded by Hon. William Peel
Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Dufferin	Governor General of Canada 1878–1883	Succeeded by The Marquess of Lansdowne
Honorary titles
Preceded by Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg	Governor of Windsor Castle 1892–1914	Succeeded by The Marquess of Cambridge
Preceded by The Duke of Argyll	Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire 1900–1914	Succeeded by The Marquess of Breadalbane
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by George Campbell	Duke of Argyll 1900–1914	Succeeded by Niall Campbell
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by George Campbell	Duke of Argyll 1900–1914	Succeeded by Niall Campbell

Governors General of Canada Monck Lisgar Dufferin Lorne Lansdowne Stanley Aberdeen Minto Grey Connaught Devonshire Byng Willingdon Bessborough Tweedsmuir Athlone Alexander Massey Vanier Michener Léger Schreyer Sauvé Hnatyshyn LeBlanc Clarkson Jean Johnston

Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society 19th century Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich · George Murray · Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet · William Richard Hamilton · George Bellas Greenough · Roderick Murchison · Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester · W. J. Hamilton · William Henry Smyth · Roderick Murchison · Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere · Frederick William Beechey · Roderick Murchison · William Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton · Roderick Murchison · Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet · Henry Bartle Frere · Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet · Rutherford Alcock · Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook · Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare · John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne · Richard Strachey · Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff · Sir Clements Robert Markham 20th century George Taubman Goldie · Leonard Darwin · George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston · Douglas Freshfield · Thomas Holdich · Francis Younghusband · Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay · David George Hogarth · Charles Close · William Goodenough · Percy Zachariah Cox · Henry Balfour · Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode · George Clark · Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell · Harry Lindsay · James Wordie · James Marshall-Cornwall · Roger Nathan, 2nd Baron Nathan · Raymond Priestley · Dudley Stamp · Gilbert Laithwaite · Edmund Irving · Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton · Duncan Cumming · John Hunt, Baron Hunt · Michael Wise · Vivian Fuchs · George Bishop · Roger Chorley, 2nd Baron Chorley · Crispin Tickell · George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe · John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne 21st century Ronald Urwick Cooke · Neil Cossons · Gordon Conway · Michael Palin

Persondata
Name	Argyll, John Campbell, 9th Duke Of
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	6 August 1845
Place of birth	London
Date of death	2 May 1914
Place of death